Which of the following actions most likely violates the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct?

A portfolio’s annual return is 8% with a standard deviation of 12%. Assuming a normal distribution, what is the probability that the return will be negative in a given year?

If the central bank increases the money supply, what is the most likely short-term effect on interest rates and inflation?

A company reports a high inventory turnover ratio compared to its industry peers. This most likely indicates:

Which of the following measures best evaluates the risk-adjusted return of a portfolio?